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Digitizing and Sharing Cultural Heritage: A Practical Guide/ko

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소개

The Museu Portátil project manual aims to provide information on technological and professional training for setting up workstations for the digitization of materials in collections at memory institutions. It also presents workflow suggestions for systematizing this operation, which begins with the selection of the collection segment to be digitized and continues through the stages of capture, licensing and uploading content to digital platforms.

The starting point for Museu Portátil is the use of mobile phone cameras as the main equipment for digitization at quality sufficient for digital dissemination. It is important to note that this involves capturing images to generate files that will serve as digital representatives of the original objects, which, on one hand, avoid constant handling and, on the other, expand their dissemination in digital media. Based on this premise, this manual presents a suggestion of equipment that allows the digitization initiative to be operationalized at accessible costs for institutions with limited financial and human resources.

Digitization Kit Equipment

Below is a list with the suggested equipment for setting up a workstation for the digitization of collection items, including two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects, for their digital dissemination.

Other Considerations

참고:

  • In order to access specific information on the best cameras, sensor types and lens sets, it is important to research specialized cell phone configuration websites and specialized forums, as well as the manufacturers' websites.
  • If budget allows, a dedicated graphics card will speed up display and graphics processing tasks.

Mobile phone applications:

  • Mi fit: to synchronize the remote shutter with the mobile phone Laser Level and Inclinometer.
  • EXA Tools: to adjust the correct angle of equipment before starting captures.
  • Sweech: to transfer images from the mobile phone to the computer.

Computer software:

  • Adobe Lightroom: for basic image adjustments and metadata insertion.
  • WinRAR: to unzip compressed files after transfer to the computer.
  • Adobe Bridge: file management, file renaming and metadata insertion.
  • Freefilesync: to perform file backup.
  • Advanced Renamer: can assist in batch renaming.

Setting up Your Workstation

Digitalização bidimensional Arrangement for digitizing two-dimensional collections:
  1. Side table;
  2. Space for placing the collection to be digitized;
  3. Textual collections;
  4. Ring light on an extension arm attached to the side of the table;
  5. Cell phone on an extension arm;
  6. Neutral background base for positioning the collection for capture with markers on the sides indicating the frame limits;
  7. Space for placing the collection after digitization;
  8. Wristband with cell phone camera trigger.
Digitalização Tridimensional - Iluminação LED Arrangement for digitizing three-dimensional collections:
  1. White open-front polyfoam box;
  2. Neutral-colored infinity background;
  3. Three-dimensional collection;
  4. LED panel light sources;
  5. 휴대 전화;
  6. Adjustable table tripod;
  7. Space for placing the collection to be digitized;
  8. Space for placing the collection that has already been digitized.
Digitalização Tridimensional - Iluminação Ring Light Alternative lighting for digitizing three-dimensional collections:
  1. Box without LED lighting;
  2. 휴대 전화;
  3. Ring light;
  4. Table tripod.
Instructions on the Assembly and Adjustment of Equipment


  • Location selection: it is important to prioritize workspaces without external light interference (natural or artificial); look for a clean surface that can be reserved for the workflow. The ideal is to work in environments with neutral-colored walls such as gray, white or black. Avoid proximity to walls with vibrant colors.
  • Equidistance through measurement with a ruler or tape measure, you should position the two light sources at the same distance from the object to be photographed. The mobile phone should be centered between the two light sources (in an elevated position for two-dimensional collections and in a frontal position for three-dimensional collections). Adjust the angle of the lights to 45 degrees in relation to the object to be photographed. To verify the correct angle, you can use a free application that measures the level of the equipment.
  • Parallelism: means the equidistance relationship of axes between two or more objects. In a digitization set, the parallelism adjustment is made in the relationship between the plane of the sensor and the plane of the reproduction table, so that when we photograph the original, all fields of the image, including its center, remain in focus and without distortion. Any disproportion between the planes will cause image distortions.

In two-dimensional digitization, to avoid capturing photos with different orientations, we recommend:

  1. Fix the mobile phone to its support in the horizontal position, with the screen facing the operator and the camera turned on.
  2. Then rotate the mobile phone with the camera facing down, fixing it in its support structure. By doing this, you will ensure that when the capture is made, the image direction is in landscape orientation and remains so in subsequent captures.
  • The mobile phone camera should be paired via Bluetooth with a remote, which will be used as a shutter release, through an application.

Workflow

시작

  1. Separate out the collection to be digitized
  2. Turn on the mobile phone and the remote shutter and position them in the indicated location
  3. Place the first item on the base, centering it in relation to the framing of the mobile phone camera
  4. Click using the remote shutter
  5. Verify that the first capture was made in a satisfactory manner
  6. Place the first item in a separate location for already completed digitizations and continue with the next items
  7. Transfer files from the mobile phone to the computer
  8. Review captures on the computer and, if everything is in order, delete files from the mobile phone
  9. File processing: creation of derivatives if necessary and basic adjustments to the image for on-screen visualization
  10. 하드 드라이브로 백업

끝

Post Production and Processing

After finishing the captures of the desired collection, it will be necessary to transfer the images from the mobile phone to the computer and manage these files, possibly inserting some code for better identification of the file nomenclature, making adjustments to the image, inserting information in the image metadata (such as authorship, date, dimensions etc.), organizing into folders and subfolders, and finally, performing the backup to ensure long-term storage of the material.

Transfer of files from the mobile phone to the computer:

To perform this operation, we recommend using the Sweech application. To do so, open the application on the mobile phone, select all the photos from the album where the latest captures are located and click on the "share" option.

Type the electronic address indicated on the mobile phone screen in the computer's browser, press Enter, and thus download the zipped images.

The next step will be to extract the zip file in the download folder on the computer to the destination folder. For this you will need to install the free WinRAR software on your computer.

At the end of the procedure it will be necessary to verify that the files were sent correctly (confirm the number of files and open them in order to view them quickly to verify whether any image was corrupted during the transfer). If everything is in accordance with the specifications described above, the files should be deleted from the mobile phone.

Batch renaming to insert the desired code in the image nomenclature:

To insert a code in the images, you can use the free software Adobe Bridge.

Basic adjustments to images and metadata insertion, if desired:

After an assessment of the quality of the captured images, if necessary, you can adjust, using Lightroom or some other editing software, the white balance, levels, highlights and shadows, contrast and sharpness. Using this same software you can insert information in the image metadata (access the upper right menu Library and then the right sidebar, in the Metadata field).

디지털 저장소 및 접근:

  • According to digital preservation conventions, it is important to maintain more than one copy of digital files stored in different locations and on different media, if possible (example: internal HDD, external HDD, cloud, etc.). In short, other factors to consider:
  • Have at least three (3) identical copies. One should be disconnected from the networks (off-line, such as an external hard drive), another in a different geographic location (off-site, such as the cloud). It is important to study and verify the advantages and disadvantages of using each solution.
  • Plan for access control of digital files (preservation and/or access), developing restriction and access policies according to the institution's needs.
  • Schedule the frequency of antivirus scans and verification of digital file checksums. This is an action to consider, as damage inherent to digital files can be, in some cases, subtle, such as if individual parts of a file were lost or damaged, for example. Managing digital files is a necessary action throughout their entire lifecycle.
  • In addition, it is necessary and important to plan for the maintenance and growth of storage space for the data to be preserved, anticipating the costs that will be necessary for this.
  • Have an access version, and always ensure this access, as a means of disseminating the materials in your collection.

Adapting the Project to Your Needs

In order to offer greater autonomy to the user of these guidelines, we list here some criteria that can be taken into consideration when choosing equipment, if it is not possible to use the models described above for any reason.

Questions to consider when choosing a mobile phone:
  • Mobile phone camera: Optical quality of the camera, resolution, image sharpness, if possible a good macro setting
  • Camera with options for manual adjustments of white balance and exposure time, if possible also ISO settings
  • Mobile phone as a whole: Processing, speed, internal storage and operating system Android for being more accessible.
Questions to consider when choosing a light source:
  • Together with the mobile phone, the light source is one of the most important items on the equipment list. Pay attention to the criteria listed below when deciding which model to purchase.
  • Intensity and dimensions of the light source: it is important that the light is strong enough and that the size of the surface from which the light is projected is large enough to cover the entire original to be digitized in a homogeneous manner, without areas that are more illuminated than others.

Example: if you choose a light source in which the area from which the light is projected is 10 centimeters and you need to illuminate a document of 40 centimeters, it is very likely that the light coverage on the document will not be equal in all parts.

  • Color temperature: so that the colors of the original come as close as possible to the colors that appear in the captured image, the ideal is that the light source has a color temperature of 5,000K. If you need to use a lamp, choose one at this color temperature, or a light source that has the option of adjusting the tonality and that approaches this indicated color temperature, such as the so-called daylight.
  • Light "hardness": if digitizing a three-dimensional collection, it is important that the light source be diffuse so that no very pronounced shadows are created on the infinite background.
  • Power source: many lights or LED panels require an external battery to function, which raises the project cost and creates the need for constant recharging. Give preference to lights that operate from a power source or USB cable connected to the socket.
Questions to consider when choosing a mobile phone stand:
  • The ideal is to be able to move the mobile phone up and down in relation to the base as quickly and stably as possible. The option of an articulated stand allows for easier and faster movement of the mobile phone, which is very useful for digitizing documents that vary in size from each other, for example. It is always recommended to bring the mobile phone as close as possible to the document, leaving only a margin of white background on the sides, in order to achieve a better quality result in relation to the magnification of the object.
  • Currently many smartphones are sold on the market with permanently built-in filter options in the cameras. In order to provide portraits with "beautifying" functions, it is common for sharpness capacity to be reduced, even in more advanced models. It is recommended to verify this requirement in a store display model or with the manufacturer.
  • The use of black, white or neutral gray background will depend on curatorial choices. White background is more frequently used. Black background can be useful in situations involving objects with dark coloring, so that the contrast adjustment of the mobile phone does not compensate too much by "blowing out" the background light, as well as in cases of objects with transparencies. It is possible to purchase any paper with any of these colors, such as cardboard. Give preference to materials with neutral pH so as not to harm the conservation of the collection.
휴대용 컴퓨터 (랩톱)
  • Minimum configurations: 7th generation Intel Core i5 processor, 8GB RAM, 256GB storage preferably in SSD, Windows 10 operating system and a well-recommended brand.
  • It is possible to carry out the work with a computer that does not have a dedicated graphics card. If you need to reduce the cost of this equipment, we recommend removing this item and preserving the minimum RAM and processor conditions mentioned above.
소프트웨어
  • Prioritize free license software, as well as keeping software up to date. The only paid software on this list is Adobe Lightroom. Adobe Bridge can be a good substitute in conjunction with some free image processing software (such as Xnview, Gimp or IrfanView).

Frequent problems and possible ways to resolve them

How to Disseminate Collections and Knowledge on Wiki Platforms

The internet made possible the emergence of new practices of production, consumption and dissemination of content and, in this context, what we call the "free knowledge ecosystem" was formed. In this material, we offer a guide on how to collaborate in this ecosystem, but first we need to define it. We begin with the digital encyclopedia Wikipedia, the best known of the Wikimedia projects, and a fundamental part of the free knowledge ecosystem. If you can, open the Wikipedia page — for example, the city you are in. Go to the bottom of the page.

The terms of content availability on the page are indicated and, note, there is a reference to a free Creative Commons license. Among other things, this means that everyone can copy and paste the text without asking for permission, requiring only that you attribute the content to Wikipedia's editors and use the same license on the copied section, even if you have modified it. What matters: there is no need to pay anything for this.

A foundation of free knowledge is that access to material is open. This means that the contents are available for free, without financial, technical or legal restrictions. Everyone can then freely use, modify and distribute these contents.

The free digital ecosystem is not limited to Wikipedia or the Wikimedia projects. There is open-source software, collaborative content repositories, forums and many other interfaces that make up the free space of the network. The Wikimedia ecosystem is, in any case, one of the main ones. Founded in 2001, with the objective of offering reliable and relevant content in a free and collaborative manner, it allows various forms of knowledge to be distributed openly, for example in:

For cultural institutions, normally the most important are Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, in addition to Wikipedia. Wikidata is a collaborative database that organizes structured information from various sources on the same platform, allowing all sorts of cross-references and visualizations (for example, tables, maps and charts). Wikimedia Commons is one of the largest repositories of free multimedia on the internet, with images, videos and sounds. These media are obviously used in the other Wikimedia projects, but can be published in any other space, as long as the requirements of the license are respected.

The free digital ecosystem fosters free culture, that is, the collective construction of knowledge by users who act voluntarily. The role of cultural institutions is especially important in this construction and acting in this ecosystem is generally in line with the mission of these institutions. Free culture is transversal to the mission of museums in the present, institutions that seek to conserve and communicate the heritage of humanity.

The GLAM acronym is widely used to refer to large heritage institutions: Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museums, but ultimately serves for any cultural institution, large or small. The term is also widely used in the context of cultural dissemination projects on the Internet, especially on wiki platforms, among which is the digital encyclopedia Wikipedia. In this sense, a GLAM or GLAM-Wiki is an institutional action to disseminate collections to a free and collaborative knowledge network, with educational and cultural repercussions of great reach. Very great reach indeed: every year there are several billion accesses to Wikipedias in hundreds of languages, as well as Wikipedia's sister projects such as the media repository Wikimedia Commons and the collaborative database Wikidata.

The possibilities are endless. Imagine, for example, a partnership with a large library to systematically and organically migrate high-resolution images of works already in the public domain to Wikimedia Commons. Another possibility is the identification and capture of images from a collection of documents on an important theme such as immigration to later upload them to Wikisource. It is also certain that each Brazilian city, even small interior towns, has photographic and documentary collections relevant to the Wikimedia projects. Institutions such as museums of large or small size may be interested in making a partnership and allowing a volunteer to photograph part of the collection for the creation and improvement of articles about their main works on Wikipedia, provided that such a task obviously does not imply the violation of copyright. In this tutorial, we offer a guide to collaborate meaningfully in the Wikimedia ecosystem.

위키미디어 프로젝트를 위한 사용자 계정 생성

To start exploring the Wikimedia ecosystem, the first step is the creation of a user account. In some projects, editing without an account is not permitted. But please note:

The account is individual and must not be used for institutional promotion;

The name must not correspond to that of your GLAM;

The account must be used only for voluntary and non-profit edits.

To create your user account, access the Portuguese Wikipedia page (your account will serve for all Wikimedia projects) and in the upper right corner click on "Create an account" and fill in the form. It is not mandatory, but it is highly recommended, to enter an email address, as it will allow password recovery in case of forgetting and will facilitate communication with other editors.

Once the user account is created, it is possible to create a page to contextualize your activities in the Wikimedia projects. Consider mentioning the institution you are part of, as it will help other people understand the background of your edits, but do not advertise. The wiki is truly not a space for promotion.

사용자 문서 생성

  • Verify that you are logged in on the main Wikipedia page (your account name should appear in the heading
  • Click on your name, in the upper right corner of the screen;
  • Click on "Edit" in the menu below where your account name appears;
  • Share the motivations that led you to join the wiki, for example, the topics you expect to contribute to. Avoid putting personal information: the wiki is a highly visible space!
  • Start to edit.

첫 기여

To warm up, how about making a series of first contributions to Wikimedia Commons, such as taking photographs of the exterior of the cultural institution where you work, for example. These can be photographic records of the entrance, facade details, identification signs or the context of the building. There is no limit to photos and details matter a lot.

For uploading, you can use the Upload Wizard tool. Note that, for this first exercise, the shared images cannot be authored by third parties. Photographs taken by other people can only be uploaded with the proper authorization of those responsible or if there has been prior publication on the internet under an appropriate license.

After uploading to Wikimedia Commons, insert the title, caption, description, date and categories of the images, also using the Upload Wizard.

GLAM Wiki Activities

As a wiki editor, it is possible to discover the other Wikimedia projects and contribute to free knowledge by starting the process of institutional involvement. To participate in a GLAM-Wiki initiative, at least part of the institution's collection must be digitized and available for uploading to Wikimedia projects, mainly in the form of images, which should be inserted in Wikimedia Commons and in the form of metadata inserted in Wikidata. In this material, the main focus is on Wikimedia Commons.

It is recommended that your GLAM have a database or an official website, from which data about the institution's collection can be extracted, explored and ordered in Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets or similar software, to be used in Wikidata and then in the other Wikimedia projects. It is also recommended that your GLAM be open to free knowledge, since the institution's collection will be under Creative Commons licenses.

For the ideal functioning of a GLAM-Wiki initiative there are four stages to be followed: policy, rights, technique and dissemination.

정책

In the first practical phase, the policy phase, the partnership between the GLAM institution and a wiki organization, which will normally be responsible for assisting in the activities developed, is formalized. Still in this phase, the wiki community and the institution's audience are informed that the partnership has been established. The formalization of the partnership is a means of giving publicity and security to the initiative of uploading institutional collections.

Publish the ratification document to the Wikimedia community through uploading the document to Wikimedia Commons, with the consent of Wikipedia editors, or through publication of the document on the institution's official website; and Create a page in the language Wikipedia domain to publicize the partnership.

권리

Next, in the legal phase, there is a need to study the institution's collections so that wiki users, who will carry out the upload, understand the characteristics and limits of sharing the collection. In this way, it is possible to establish which works can be made available and whether they are in the Public Domain or will need a specific Creative Commons license. Here, there are two phases: the validation of the partnership and the analysis of the collections.

After the preparation of the ratification document, a validation email must be sent to a team of Wikimedia volunteers, called VRT, which verifies the partnership. The permission email must be sent to VRT and consists of the authorization for granting Creative Commons licenses or for releasing the GLAM's collection to the public domain. It is, in a certain way, the institutional entry into the free knowledge ecosystem. A team certifies that the GLAM partnership is authentic and grants the necessary validation for the use of free licenses.

After receiving the reply email, confirming whether the authorization is valid, it is necessary to create a license for your GLAM. It is also a technical task, so we prepared a step-by-step video: https://w.wiki/4ZMa Your institution's license must be used in every upload you make.

And when evaluating the collection to be uploaded, remember: only content in the public domain or with free licenses can be inserted into Wikimedia. Evaluating the legal situation of a collection requires understanding of copyright and there are various free resources to help with the evaluation. In the next chapter of this manual we offer information on licenses prepared by the Creative Commons Brazil team, but it is also possible to check the different types of licensing. Creative Commons licenses allow authors to make their works available to the public for limited use, preserving copyright.

The types of free Creative Commons licenses compatible with Wikimedia are:

  • attribution (CC-BY): permission to copy, distribute, display and perform the work and make derivative works from it, as long as credit is given to the author or licensor;
  • share alike (CC-BY-SA): permission to distribute derivative works only under a license identical to the
  • rights waiver (CC0)

Technique

We have now arrived at the stage of uploading the selected collection. For media uploads, the Upload Wizard can be used again. There are more powerful resources for mass uploads, but the suggestion is to start with a small contribution, selecting up to 30 images, as a pilot project that can be expanded and improved later.

  • 미디어 파일을 올리려면:
    1. Access the main page of Wikimedia Commons;
    2. 사용자명으로 로그인하세요;
    3. Click on upload, in the upper right corner of the screen;
    4. In the submit tab, upload the file(s);
    5. In the release rights tab, click on the appropriate rights indication. In the previous step, you possibly created an exclusive license image for your institution. Now is the time to indicate it, by marking the option "Other reason not mentioned above" and writing the title of the license created inside rounded brackets;
    6. In the describe tab, add a title, caption, description, date, category(ies), and other optional information, and click publish files.

Uploaded images can be modified, revised, remixed and distributed. Descriptive information can be expanded and corrected. One suggestion is to find an article on Wikipedia in which you can use one of them, for example to illustrate an article about an object or place. Take care to respect the encyclopedia's illustration rules.

Dissemination

In the dissemination stage, there is the possibility of organizing events to promote the dissemination of the collection in an even more predominant way on Wikimedia platforms. It is also feasible to carry out educational projects and develop products, such as applications or tools. There are also what we call wiki contests, when prizes are offered to editors to work on a set of articles for a period of time. The idea of all these activities is to foster a community around the knowledge contributed on Wikimedia.

There are some institutions that integrate a person dedicated to the wiki, a position called wikimedian in residence (or WiR, from the English acronym). This person acts as an interlocutor between the wiki community and the institution. In line with the stages described above, among the functions of the WiR are uploading GLAM media files and metadata on Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata, organizing events to engage groups inside and outside the Wikimedia ecosystem in the production of free knowledge related to the themes worked on by the institution, as well as measuring the impact of all these activities. The GLAM normally guarantees a source of funding for the WiR, explaining responsibilities and tasks, among other information of interest to the Wikimedia community, on their user page.

크리에이티브 커먼즈에 대해 더 알아보기

Creative Commons licenses offer an easy way to manage copyright terms that automatically apply to all creative materials under copyright protection. The licenses allow material to be shared and reused on flexible and legally secure terms. Creative Commons offers a core set of six copyright licenses.

The License Elements

All CC licenses require users to give Attribution (BY) to the creator when their material is used and shared. The other five licenses combine Attribution with one or more additional elements:

Abbreviation Element 의미
BY 저작자표시 Credit must be given to the creator. Required in all licenses.
NC 비영리 Material may not be used for commercial purposes.
ND 변경금지 No alterations of the material may be shared.
SA 동일조건변경허락 Derivative works must be released under the same license.

CC licenses can be applied to many types of work, including educational resources, music, photographs, databases, and government and public sector information.

Key Concepts

저작권
Copyright laws grant exclusive rights to creators of original works. National laws usually extend these protections automatically once a work is externalized. The phrase "All rights reserved" indicates that the rights holder reserves all rights granted under law.
Some Rights Reserved
Creative Commons licenses offer creators a broader spectrum of choices, ranging from maintaining all rights to renouncing them (public domain). This approach is called "Some rights reserved."
퍼블릭 도메인
The public domain refers to works that no longer have restrictions under copyright within a particular jurisdiction. A work may enter the public domain because the applicable copyright term has expired, because the rights holder used a tool such as CC0, or because the work did not meet the requirements for copyright protection.
Collective Management Associations
Collective management associations are copyright management organizations that license works on behalf of their owners and process royalty payments. Examples include ASCAP and BMI (United States), BUMA/Stemra (Netherlands), PRS (United Kingdom) and APRA (Australia).
CC 버튼
CC buttons are a condensed way of conveying the basic permissions associated with material offered under CC licenses. When material is offered online, the buttons should redirect the user to the human-readable legal terms, which in turn redirect to the license itself.

Applying a Creative Commons License

Consider the following before applying a CC license:

Checklist before applying a CC license

  1. Is the material protected by copyright? If not, is it subject to related rights or sui generis rights over databases? CC licenses do not apply to materials in the public domain, and different countries have different standards for what is in the public domain.
  2. Are you the owner of the material? If not, are you otherwise authorized to license it under the specific CC license you wish to use? You must not apply a license to material over which you have no rights.
  3. Are you aware that CC licenses are irrevocable? You are free to stop offering the material under a CC license at any time, but this will not affect the rights associated with any copies already in circulation.
  4. Are you a member of a collective management society? If so, you must make sure that you are permitted to use CC licenses for your materials.
  5. Have you read the terms and conditions? Always read the specific license you intend to apply. Several terms may vary in earlier versions. If you choose to use a pre-4.0 version or any adapted version, clauses such as the applicable law clause may affect your choice.

라이선스 고르기

How to choose the right license

If you do not know which license best meets your needs, there are many resources available:

  • The CC license selector tool can help you identify the ideal license.
  • Creative Commons has compiled a list of examples showing how various licenses suit the main strategies of licensors.
  • Case studies of other individuals and institutions using CC licenses are available.
  • The CC community is open to answering questions via mailing lists and discussion forums.
  • You may also prefer to consult a lawyer for advice on the best license for your needs.

How to Apply a License to Your Material

Applying a license online, offline, or on third-party platforms

For online material:

Select the appropriate license in the CC license selector and follow the instructions to include the HTML code. The code will automatically generate a license button and statement. If you are only licensing part of a work, clearly mark which parts are under the CC license and which are not. The HTML code also includes metadata that allows the material to be discovered by CC-sensitive search engines.

For offline material:

Identify the license you wish to apply, then either:

  • Mark your work with a statement such as: "This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License [description]. To view a copy of the license, visit [url]"; or
  • Insert the applicable license buttons with the same instruction and URL link.

For third-party platforms:

Many platforms such as Flickr, YouTube and SoundCloud have built-in tools allowing users to mark material with a CC license through account settings. This allows others to find your content when searching for CC-licensed material. If the platform does not support CC licensing, you can identify the license in the text description.

특수한 경우

CC licenses do not reduce, limit or restrict any rights under exceptions and limitations to copyright. If the use of material licensed under CC is otherwise permitted by an exception or limitation, you do not need to rely on the CC license or comply with its terms and conditions. This is a fundamental principle of CC licensing.

Including a CC BY Work in a Wikipedia Article

Works licensed under CC BY can be incorporated into works under CC BY-SA. For example, you can incorporate a CC BY photograph into a Wikipedia article, as long as you:

  • Keep all copyright notices and specifications intact;
  • Provide proper attribution; and
  • Comply with the other terms of the CC BY license.

Applying a CC License to a Work in the Public Domain

  • If you wish to place your own work in the public domain before the expiration of copyright, use the Public Domain Dedication.
  • If a work is already in the public domain worldwide, mark it with the Public Domain Mark.

Creators can apply CC licenses to adaptations of public domain works, or to remixed materials, databases or collections that include public domain works. However, the license does not affect the parts of the work that are not protected by copyright. We encourage you to mark worldwide public domain materials so that others know they can use them without legal restrictions.

Note that in some cases, a work may be in the public domain in some jurisdictions but not others. A CC license applied to such a work would be effective in jurisdictions where copyright protection still exists, but not where it does not apply.

Applying a CC License to a Photograph of a Public Domain Work

You may apply a CC license to your photograph if it constitutes an original work of authorship — a question that varies by jurisdiction. Generally, your photograph must involve some creative choices, such as setting, lighting, angle or other marks of creativity.

In practice, if your photograph is sufficiently creative to attract copyright protection, people will likely need to comply with the license conditions if they reproduce it in full. However, they would not need to comply if they reproduced only the public domain parts of the work, as your copyright over the adaptation only extends to your own contribution.

Use of CC Licenses by Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)

Anyone can use CC licenses for material they own, including governments and intergovernmental organizations. Reasons for doing so often include:

  • Maximizing the impact and utility of works for educational and informational purposes; and
  • Increasing transparency.

CC licenses are the preferred choice for IGOs because they are:

  • Standardized and interoperable — material published by different creators using the same CC license can be translated, modified, compiled and remixed without legal barriers;
  • Machine-readable — allowing licensed works to be easily discovered through search engines like Google.

Collective Management Associations and CC Licenses

We recommend that creators and rights holders consult their collective management societies before applying a CC license. Many rights holders who are members of collective management societies may waive the right to collect royalties on uses permitted by the license, but only to the extent their societies allow.

In some countries — including Australia, Finland, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Norway, Spain, Taiwan and the Netherlands — collective management societies manage rights over present and future works assigned to them by their creators, effectively becoming holders of these rights. Creators in these jurisdictions may not be able to license their materials under CC, because the societies own the necessary rights, not them.

CC is working with several collective management societies, running pilot programs that allow creators to use CC licenses in some circumstances. If you are already a member of a collecting society and want to use CC licenses, feel free to encourage your society to give you that option.

Publicity, Personality and Privacy Rights

These terms are used differently across jurisdictions. In general, these rights allow individuals to control the use of their voice, image, likeness or other identifiable aspect of their identity, especially for commercial exploitation purposes. In some jurisdictions they also allow people to restrict the publication of information about them without their permission.

When the licensor holds publicity, personality or privacy rights that may affect the intended use of the material, the licensor agrees to waive or not enforce these rights. However, such rights not held by the licensor are not affected and may still apply to your intended use of a licensed work.

For further reading in Portuguese please consult the original guide. This article is a derivative of the original.

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