English: "a(i), A 3D reconstruction from HiP-CT scanning at 25 µm per voxel of the intact upper left lung lobe from the autopsy of a patient who died from COVID-19-related ARDS. High-resolution VOI are shown in red (6.5 µm per voxel) and blue (2.5 µm per voxel). a(ii), At 25 µm per voxel, high-intensity regions are observed in the lung periphery. The yellow dotted line delineates a secondary pulmonary lobule. a(iii), At 6.5 µm per voxel, heterogeneity in the lung parenchyma included (1) dilated alveolar ducts and diffuse loss of alveolar structural organization and (2) comparatively well-preserved alveolar structure with some edematous changes. a(iv), At 2.5 µm per voxel, we observed (3) alveolar obstruction, likely representing clotted blood based on its high intensity and (4) interstitial thickening of alveolar septa. b, A 3D reconstruction of the COVID-19 lung with segmentation of two adjacent secondary pulmonary lobules with differing degrees of parenchymal deterioration. c, A 3D reconstruction of segmented acinus structure within the SARS-CoV-2-uninfected (control) lung (top) and the SARS-CoV-2-infected lung (bottom). d(i–iii), A 3D reconstruction of representative VOI at high resolution (2.5 µm per voxel) for the control, COVIDS and COVIDC groups, respectively. Duplicated volumes show visual representations of the airspace–tissue interface in the COVID-19 lung, where a smaller distance between a voxel of airspace and a voxel of tissue is colored blue, whereas larger distances are colored yellow. d(iv–viii), Box plots showing quantitative comparisons between n = 6 independent COVIDS, COVIDC and control VOI. Box plots show data median (center line), the interquartile range (25th–75th percentiles) of data and data range without outliers (box bounds); outliers were considered as values 1.5 times above or below the box bounds (whiskers). Quantification of the mean surface area-to-volume (SA:V) ratio, airspace connectivity and mean septal thickness are shown, respectively (**P < 0.001, *P < 0.05 and ~P = 0.08) (calculated by two-tailed one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s comparison; P values and F statistics can be found in the Supplementary Information). d(ix), The distribution of airspace diameters for all six VOI in each group (modal values for COVIDC, COVIDS and control, 8.9, 152 and 351 µm, respectively). Source data" https://www.nature.com/articles/s41592-021-01317-x#MOESM11