Kriplean, Travis, Michael Toomim, Jonathan Morgan, Alan Borning, and Andrew Ko. "Is this what you meant? Promoting listening on the web with reflect." In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1559-1568. 2012. (Tool that asks users to summarize what they heard aids in dialogue.)
Munger, K. (2017). Tweetment Effects on the Tweeted: Experimentally Reducing Racist Harassment. Political Behavior, 39(3), 629–649. (Nutshell: Experiment. Norm enforcement of civility effective when comes from ingroup members with higher status.)
Munger, K. M. (2017). Experimentally Reducing Partisan Incivility on Twitter. (Nutshell: Using frames of "care" and "authority" equally effective with Democrats and Republicans in nudging users to be more civil. Nudges less effective among anonymous users.)
Lapidot-Lefler, Noam, and Azy Barak. "Effects of anonymity, invisibility, and lack of eye-contact on toxic online disinhibition." Computers in human behavior 28, no. 2 (2012): 434-443. (Eye contact - and not just non-anonymity and visibility - increased civil behavior.)
Han, S. H., Brazeal, L. M., & Pennington, N. (2018). Is civility contagious? Examining the impact of modeling in online political discussions. Social Media+ Society, 4(3). (Experiment that models civility in comments sections and also tests effect of a comment asking for civility. Finds strong effects from modeling civility and no effects from plea.)
Han, S., & Brazeal, L. (2015). Playing nice: Modeling civility in online political discussions. Communication Research Reports, 32, 20–28.
Manosevitch, E., Steinfeld, N., & Lev-on, A. (2017). Promoting online deliberation quality : cognitive cues matter. Information, Communication & Society, 0(0), 1–19. (Cuing readers to be reflective improved quality of deliberation. Experiment, but only three conversations.)
Molina, R. G., & Jennings, F. G. (2017). The role of civility and metacommunication in Facebook discussions. Communication Studies, 69, 42–66. (Looks at effects of incivility and also of modeling civility.)
Rösner, L., & Krämer, N. C. (2016). Verbal venting in the social web: Effects of anonymity and group norms on aggressive language use in online comments. Social Media+ Society, 2(3), 2056305116664220. (Norm of civility, not lack of anonymity, results in higher civility. Experiment.)
Stroud, N. J., Scacco, J. M., Muddiman, A., & Curry, A. L. (2015). Changing deliberative norms on news organizations’ Facebook sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20, 188–203.
Sukumaran, A., Vezich, S., McHugh, M., & Nass, C. (2011). Normative influences on thoughtful online participation. In Proceedings of the 2011 Annual Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI ’11 (pp. 3401–3410). New York, NY: ACM Press.
Ziegele, Marc, and Pablo B. Jost. "Not funny? The effects of factual versus sarcastic journalistic responses to uncivil user comments." Communication research 47, no. 6 (2020): 891-920. (Factual responses - as opposed to sarcastic responses - increase participation via perceived credibility.)
Kim, Y., & Kim, Y. (2019). Incivility on Facebook and political polarization: The mediating role of seeking further comments and negative emotion. Computers in Human Behavior, 99, 219-227. (Using civil language is more effective than providing evidence at making them open to new information and moderating their views. Experiment.)
Hwang, H., Kim, Y., & Huh, C. U. (2014). Seeing is believing: Effects of uncivil online debate on political polarization and expectations of deliberation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 58(4), 621-633. (Exposure to incivility increases perceived polarization and decreases expectations of public deliberation. Experiment.)
Molina, R. G., & Jennings, F. G. (2017). The role of civility and metacommunication in Facebook discussions. Communication Studies, 69, 42–66. (Looks at effects of incivility and also of modeling civility. Experiment.)
Popan, Jason R., Lauren Coursey, Jesse Acosta, and Jared Kenworthy. "Testing the effects of incivility during internet political discussion on perceptions of rational argument and evaluations of a political outgroup." Computers in Human Behavior 96 (2019): 123-132. (Similar to Kim & Kim 2019.)
