Wiki99/chemistry

From Meta, a Wikimedia project coordination wiki

This is the Wiki99 list for important concepts and topics of interest in chemistry.

About[edit]

Wiki99 is the idea to have a list of about 99 Wikipedia articles which should be translated into as many languages as possible in order to establish common understanding in a field.

If the Wikipedia articles have at least been started, then access them in available languages by clicking through.

Translations start with structured data translation in Wikidata, then proceed to translation of prose in Wikipedia.

Wiki99 list by topic[edit]

Orientation to chemistry[edit]

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1chemistrybranch of physical science concerned with the composition, structure and properties of matter141Q2329213
2laboratoryfacility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed81Q48324272
3experimentscientific procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis79Q10196571
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(62 %)
356

Basic concepts[edit]

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1atomsmallest unit of a chemical element139Q9121134
2chemical elementspecies of atoms having the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus and the same chemical properties, but not necessarily the same mass, or the same stability (or half-lifetime if they are unstable)127Q11344183
3moleculeSmallest possibile amount of a chemical substance123Q1136991
4electronsubatomic particle with negative charge118Q2225231
5protonsubatomic particle with positive charge115Q2294262
6acidchemical compound giving a proton or accepting an electron pair112Q1115891
7atomic numbernumber of protons found in the nucleus of an atom110Q23809102
8neutronnucleon (constituent of the nucleus of the atom) that has neutral electric charge (no charge); symbol n106Q2348343
9thermodynamicsbranch of physics concerned with heat, work, temperature, and thermal or internal energy99Q11473154
10basechemical substance, that can react with an acid, accepting hydrogen ions (protons) or more generally, donating a pair of valence electrons99Q1119371
11chemical bondlasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds93Q4442461
12chemical formulacompact notation for chemical compounds giving element symbols and counts, including empirical formulas, molecular formulas, and condensed formulas87Q8314761
13catalysisprocess of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction77Q82264101
14oxidation numbernumber that describes degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound; the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all bonds to atoms of different elements were fully ionic73Q48415271
15electron configurationmode of arrangement of electrons in different shells of an atom67Q5385951
16buffer solutionaqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, which resists (to a limited degree) pH change when a strong acid or base is added51Q20846531
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(61 %)
20128

Less basic concepts[edit]

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1metalelement, compound, or alloy that is a good conductor of both electricity and heat119Q11426122
2chemical reactionprocess that results in the interconversion of chemical species102Q36534102
3radioactivityprocess by which an unstable atom emits radiation97Q1144893
4saltionic compound composed of cations and anions92Q1237081
5batteryassembly of one or more electrochemical cells, used to provide devices with stored electrical energy94Q267298153
6moleSI unit of amount of substance90Q41509111
7nonmetalchemical elements which tend to localize their valence electrons rather than forming a metallic material86Q1960051
8covalent bondchemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms85Q12792031
9organic compoundchemical compound that contains carbon atoms (with a few exceptions traditionally classified as inorganic compounds)83Q1742116
10redoxchemical reaction involving reduction and oxidation of different species78Q8268292
11ionic bondchemical bond involving electron transfer76Q6250051
12Archimedes' principlelaw of physics fundamental to fluid mechanics73Q18140471
13enthalpymeasure of energy in a thermodynamic system; thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a system65Q161064132
14hydrogen bondform of association between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom attached to a second, relatively electronegative atom68Q16932431
15ideal gas lawequation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas64Q1917857
16chemical equilibriumstate in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time.There are no net changes in the concentrations of the reactant(s) and product(s). Such a state is known as dynamic equilibrium62Q18952062
17History of atomic theoryhistory of scientific theory that views matter as made up of atoms of chemical elements57Q2105535
18exothermic reactionchemical reaction that releases energy by light or heat; opposite of an endothermic reaction55Q20594941
19acid–base reactionchemical reaction49Q3787515
Σautolist gallery191717181931715417181913171911318141218191817191819219191119414317342313191916131616719161017195161731019237831521315217181181721015194181612931131711418811919213171417173415188198198318111119521914141928117275181931,495avg.:  9 \ 79
(48 %)
14324

Tools and techniques[edit]

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1spectroscopymeasurement and interpretation of interactions between matter and electromagnetic radiation of varying frequencies75Q483666102
2mortar and pestleequipment consisting of a bowl in which substances are ground using a pestle68Q1834185082
3electrophoresisusing an electrical potential to move material through a defined matrix in order to separate it by its resistance to movement and its charge55Q18509862
4stoichiometrycalculation of relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions53Q2131853
5fractional distillationprocess of separation of a mixture into its component parts by evaporation and recondensation at controlled temperature and pressure45Q84049231
6respiratordevice designed to protect the wearer from inhaling harmful dusts, fumes, vapors, or gases41Q27177941
7gas chromatographytype of chromatography to separate complex mixtures41Q67706531
8laboratory glasswarevariety of equipment, traditionally made of glass, used for scientific experiments and other work in science, especially in chemistry and biology laboratories26Q65770972
Σautolist gallery87481331452587224864875688661115762547128721538411542525172823282878117145173714132783341311718404avg.:  2 \ 51
(31 %)
4411

Subfields[edit]

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1biochemistrystudy of chemical processes in living organisms104Q7094122
2organic chemistrysubdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives100Q11351132
3inorganic chemistrystudy of the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds92Q1116591
4analytical chemistrystudy of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of materials90Q234673
5physical chemistrystudy of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of laws and concepts of physics87Q11372102
6chemical engineeringbranch of science that applies physical sciences and life sciences together with applied mathematics and economics to produce, transform, transport, and properly use chemicals, materials and energy74Q83588132
7electrochemistrybranch of chemistry67Q787781
8medicinal chemistryscientific branch of pharmaceutical chemistry45Q24345571
Σautolist gallery8871684875688781874758778788858252751378817758146785672482157426775438167885758528188286868868581281784187781775188659avg.:  4 \ 82
(51 %)
7914

Elements[edit]

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1hydrogenchemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1; lightest and most abundant substance in the universe136Q556354
2heliumchemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2; rare gas128Q560292
3lithiumchemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3128Q568343
4berylliumchemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4124Q569333
5boronchemical element with symbol B and atomic number 5122Q618263
6carbonchemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6; common element of all known life134Q623265
7nitrogenchemical element, symbol N and atomic number 7; most abundant element in Earth atmosphere130Q627233
8oxygenchemical element, symbol O and atomic number 8135Q629284
9fluorinechemical element with symbol F and atomic number 9122Q650303
10neonchemical element with symbol Ne and atomic number 10; rare gas125Q654263
11sodiumchemical element with symbol Na and atomic number 11123Q658273
12magnesiumchemical element, symbol Mg and atomic number 12122Q660273
13aluminiummetallic chemical element of silvery appearance with symbol Al and atomic number 13133Q663373
14siliconchemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14123Q670333
15phosphoruschemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15123Q674223
16sulfurchemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16129Q682233
17chlorinechemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17124Q688202
18argonchemical element with symbol Ar and atomic number 18; rare gas118Q696232
19potassiumchemical element with symbol K and atomic number 19122Q703283
20calciumchemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20126Q706262
21titaniumchemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22117Q716343
22chromiumchemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24116Q725333
23manganesechemical element, symbol Mn and atomic number 25118Q731343
24ironchemical element with symbol Fe and atomic number 26135Q677322
25cobaltchemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27117Q740303
26nickelchemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28117Q744292
27copperchemical element with symbol Cu and atomic number 29133Q753352
28zincchemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30123Q758294
29arsenicchemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33117Q871332
30silverchemical element with symbol Ag and atomic number 47133Q1090313
31tinchemical element with symbol Sn and atomic number 50127Q1096272
32iodinechemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53118Q1103233
33xenonchemical element with atomic number of 54 and heaviest stable noble gas112Q1106243
34tungstenchemical element with symbol W and atomic number 74111Q743343
35iridiumchemical element with symbol Ir and atomic number 77112Q877203
36platinumchemical element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78112Q880203
37goldchemical element with symbol Au and atomic number 79144Q897394
38mercurychemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80125Q925385
39leadchemical element with symbol Pb and atomic number 82124Q708302
40radonchemical element with the atomic number of 86114Q1133193
41uraniumradioactive, metallic element with the atomic number 92122Q1098202
42plutoniumradioactive chemical element with the atomic number of 94 and symbol Pu114Q1102162
Σautolist gallery4242424242421642354235424242424242422142424242424242194242424242174242113742234242422014424224242424238424242426424242423842342164242835424242421342164424226424242424264242423142424217381742374242424242342421414130542284242184042423842424242424242424242424242422525424284242421642405,188avg.:  32 \ 124
(76 %)
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Molecules[edit]

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1waterchemical compound with raw molecular formula H₂O; main constituent of the fluids of most living organisms153Q283537
2DNAmolecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses121Q7430186
3carbon dioxidechemical compound112Q1997362
4amino acidorganic compound containing both amino and acidic functional groups, important in biology98Q8066111
5methanesimplest organic molecule with one carbon atom and four hydrogen97Q37129321
6ozonechemical compound95Q36933302
7glucosesimple sugar, or monosaccharide, with the chemical formula C6H12O6; also called dextrose, d-glucopyranose, cerelose, grape sugar, and corn sugar95Q3752510
8benzenehydrocarbon compound consisting of a 6-sided ring84Q2270452
9caffeinechemical compound84Q60235252
10ureathe diamide of carbonic acid78Q48318232
11methanolchemical compound76Q14982421
12sodium chloridechemical compound73Q2314301
13formaldehydechemical compound69Q161210331
14macromoleculemolecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass69Q17859351
15monomermolecule that, as a unit, binds chemically or supramolecularly to other molecules to form a supramolecular polymer62Q17882781
Σautolist gallery15141346157132115513151142415152110115411151511514151515215115131561531523444415151551415715121112151151213115410154921313616111514414128815913156151314721101511815715151132215615152412151101581411615291515141514141513131153551521551,366avg.:  8 \ 91
(56 %)
40130

History[edit]

from antiquity[edit]

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1alchemybranch of ancient protoscientific natural philosophy89Q39689143
2philosopher's stonelegendary alchemical substance64Q18205341
3four elementsgroup of four elements into which according to ancient notions any object may be analyzed54Q1885208
4elixir of lifemagical potion34Q9125025
Σautolist gallery43211422122312131131431344344441213142334142344222124131422111324423241444222431423424431312143241avg.:  1 \ 60
(37 %)
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starting after antiquity and before industrialization[edit]

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1traditional Chinese medicinealternative medical practice drawn from traditional medicine in China50Q200253111
2timeline of chemical elements discoveriestimeline detailing the discovery of each of the chemical elements26Q11953252
3history of the periodic tablehistory of the periodic table of the elements18Q149160304
4alchemy in the medieval Islamic world12Q41191471
5history of gunpowderaspect of history6Q31372973
6history of cosmeticschemicals on face in society5Q586758231
Σautolist gallery61251123121112311414122224122111211122121432112131324512113117avg.:  1 \ 20
(12 %)
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after industrialization[edit]

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1periodic table (1869–)table systematically placing elements based on atomic number and recurrent properties137Q10693235
2petroleumnaturally occurring flammable liquid113Q22656143
3Industrial Revolution (1760–2010)transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the 18th-19th centuries108Q2269132
4nuclear weaponexplosive device that gets its destructive force from nuclear reactions105Q1280284
5dynamiteexplosive preparation of stabilized nitroglycerin79Q8072891
6Haber-Bosch processArtificial nitrogen fixation process which is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia nowadays55Q21366981
7Bessemer processsteel production method41Q3340555
8history of molecular biologyaspect of history12Q8669823
9history of aluminiumaspect of history10Q438844673
Σautolist gallery97634925164577155835183577166856387376637443132777267481165794661684255322255356446254767642116756836822217466225714747536139527567255415283660avg.:  4 \ 73
(45 %)
8616

People[edit]

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1Marie Curie ♀ (1867–1934)Polish and French physicist and chemist (1867–1934)122Q7186587
2Louis Pasteur ♂ (1822–1895)French chemist and microbiologist (1822-1895)116Q529456
3Dmitri Mendeleev ♂ (1834–1907)Russian chemist112Q9106466
4Antoine Lavoisier ♂ (1743–1794)French chemist90Q39607395
5Jabir ibn Hayyan ♂ (721–815)8th-century Islamic alchemist and author77Q167852221
Σautolist gallery timeline55534524254545455355345555545355252545332133555155251445555514533335314555453452545254531145535455225355554545425454155553155135515517avg.:  3 \ 103
(63 %)
21025

Health[edit]

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1pollutionintroduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change98Q58734144
2air pollutionpresence of dangerous substances in the atmosphere86Q13112392
3water pollutioncontamination of water bodies70Q18312992
4radiation syndromehealth problems caused by exposure to very high levels of ionizing radiation45Q2754593
5acid attackform of violent assault38Q15405343
6safety data sheetdata sheet that provides workers and emergency personnel with procedures for handling and working with a substance in a safe manner37Q2220672
7hazardous substancessolids, liquids, or gases that can harm people, other living organisms, property, or the environment32Q75713861
Σautolist gallery773743314561736135744744761715513273216517311671253732143342461116361213351371561331533336726415177337313111417406avg.:  2 \ 58
(36 %)
469

Applications and industry[edit]

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1fertilizermaterial of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) applied to soils or to plants to supply essential nutrients91Q833235
2pesticidesubstance used to destroy pests82Q1316562
3miningextraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth81Q44497142
4chemical industryindustry (branch), which is engaged in the manufacturing of chemical products56Q20765281
5petroleum industryactivities linked to handling oil products41Q86257191
6pharmaceutical industrydevelops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceuticals licensed for use as medications38Q5074438
7food processingtransformation of raw ingredients into food, or of food into other forms34Q62737181
8dyeingprocess of adding color to textile products like fibers, yarns, and fabrics30Q116499181
9papermakingeconomic sector19Q33541591
Σautolist gallery97318442576238161265489669718144111685266913873341291432163153227745284345139367111734247373422528263681441791472avg.:  3 \ 52
(32 %)
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Society[edit]

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1list of Nobel laureates in ChemistryWikimedia list article45Q75642014
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(28 %)
4