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Wiki99/chemistry

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This is the Wiki99 list for important concepts and topics of interest in chemistry.

About

[edit]

Wiki99 is the idea to have a list of about 99 Wikipedia articles which should be translated into as many languages as possible in order to establish common understanding in a field.

If the Wikipedia articles have at least been started, then access them in available languages by clicking through.

Translations start with structured data translation in Wikidata, then proceed to translation of prose in Wikipedia.

Wiki99 list by topic

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Orientation to chemistry

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1chemistrybranch of physical science concerned with the composition, structure and properties of matter141Q2329243
2laboratoryfacility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed82Q48324283
3experimentscientific procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis81Q10196571
Σautolist gallery332113131333331113313133313333313311323231111113332321312233222123121331111133133213123313331212313333311332332133233321313311323311331113133304avg.:  2 \ 101
(62 %)
397

Basic concepts

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1atomsmallest unit of a chemical element139Q9121155
2chemical elementspecies of atoms having the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus and the same chemical properties, but not necessarily the same mass, or the same stability (or half-lifetime if they are unstable)127Q11344213
3moleculesmallest possibile amount of a chemical substance125Q11369101
4electronsubatomic particle with negative charge119Q2225231
5protonsubatomic particle with positive charge117Q2294272
6acidchemical compound giving a proton or accepting an electron pair115Q11158101
7atomic numbernumber of protons found in the nucleus of an atom112Q23809102
8neutronnucleon (constituent of the nucleus of the atom) that has neutral electric charge (no charge); symbol n108Q2348343
9thermodynamicsbranch of physics concerned with heat, work, temperature, and thermal or internal energy101Q11473164
10basechemical substance that can react with an acid, accepting hydrogen ions (protons) or more generally, donating a pair of valence electrons101Q1119381
11chemical bondlasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds96Q4442461
12chemical formulacompact notation for chemical compounds giving element symbols and counts, including empirical formulas, molecular formulas, and condensed formulas89Q8314761
13catalysisprocess of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction81Q82264111
14oxidation numbernumber that describes degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound; the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all bonds to atoms of different elements were fully ionic76Q48415271
15electron configurationmode of arrangement of electrons in different shells of an atom69Q5385951
16buffer solutionaqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, which resists (to a limited degree) pH change when a strong acid or base is added51Q20846551
Σautolist gallery1616153121691511815161611016163151161414151616161616164161527169164164106733161616151514111641131516161015155121681131413112848151651615141115311141611161315105215161281610161675125161116145613161116121612101511131619516151516241351571271521681,626avg.:  10 \ 102
(62 %)
21429

Less basic concepts

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1metalelement, compound, or alloy that is a good conductor of both electricity and heat120Q11426143
2chemical reactionprocess that results in the interconversion of chemical species105Q3653492
3radioactivityprocess by which an unstable atom emits radiation89Q11448103
4saltionic compound composed of cations and anions93Q1237081
5batteryassembly of one or more electrochemical cells, used to provide devices with stored electrical energy99Q267298164
6moleSI unit of amount of substance91Q41509122
7nonmetalchemical elements which tend to localize their valence electrons rather than forming a metallic material87Q1960051
8covalent bondchemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms85Q12792041
9organic compoundchemical compound that contains carbon atoms (with a few exceptions traditionally classified as inorganic compounds)85Q1742116
10redoxchemical reaction involving reduction and oxidation of different species81Q8268292
11ionic bondchemical bond involving electron transfer77Q6250051
12Archimedes' principlelaw of physics fundamental to fluid mechanics74Q181404101
13enthalpymeasure of energy in a thermodynamic system; thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a system65Q161064132
14hydrogen bondform of association between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom attached to a second, relatively electronegative atom68Q16932431
15ideal gas lawequation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas64Q1917857
16chemical equilibriumstate in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time.There are no net changes in the concentrations of the reactant(s) and product(s). Such a state is known as dynamic equilibrium64Q18952061
17History of atomic theoryhistory of scientific theory that views matter as made up of atoms of chemical elements58Q2105535
18exothermic reactionchemical reaction that releases energy by light or heat; opposite of an endothermic reaction56Q20594941
19acid–base reactionchemical reaction53Q3787515
Σautolist gallery1917171819417163171819131719113181311181919171918192191921194143173423241919161416167181610171951617310192388415231315417181481621015194181612931131711418811919283171416173516188198199317111119521914131927117275191931,514avg.:  9 \ 80
(49 %)
15126

Tools and techniques

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1spectroscopymeasurement and interpretation of interactions between matter and electromagnetic radiation of varying frequencies77Q483666112
2mortar and pestleequipment consisting of a bowl in which substances are ground using a pestle70Q1834185082
3electrophoresisusing an electrical potential to move material through a defined matrix in order to separate it by its resistance to movement and its charge57Q18509862
4stoichiometrycalculation of relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions59Q2131853
5fractional distillationprocess of separation of a mixture into its component parts by evaporation and recondensation at controlled temperature and pressure47Q84049231
6respiratordevice designed to protect the wearer from inhaling harmful dusts, fumes, vapors, or gases41Q27177961
7gas chromatographytype of chromatography to separate complex mixtures43Q67706531
8laboratory glasswarevariety of equipment, traditionally made of glass, used for scientific experiments and other work in science, especially in chemistry and biology laboratories27Q65770972
Σautolist gallery8748135145358732486487768876111576254171287225384115435251728231382878117145273714252783441311718421avg.:  3 \ 53
(32 %)
4711

Subfields

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1biochemistrystudy of chemical processes in living organisms108Q7094162
2organic chemistrysubdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives102Q11351142
3inorganic chemistrystudy of the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds94Q11165101
4analytical chemistrystudy of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of materials93Q2346113
5physical chemistrystudy of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of laws and concepts of physics90Q11372102
6chemical engineeringbranch of science that applies physical sciences and life sciences together with applied mathematics and economics to produce, transform, transport, and properly use chemicals, materials and energy76Q83588132
7electrochemistrybranch of chemistry71Q787781
8medicinal chemistryscientific branch of pharmaceutical chemistry48Q24345561
Σautolist gallery8871685875688178187577877878885825275138881775814678567248215742177756381678857585281887286868868686281784187781775188682avg.:  4 \ 85
(52 %)
8814

Elements

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1hydrogenchemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1136Q556385
2heliumchemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2; rare gas; noble gas131Q560324
3lithiumchemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3129Q568375
4berylliumchemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4124Q569353
5boronchemical element with symbol B and atomic number 5120Q618263
6carbonchemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6; common element of all known life134Q623265
7nitrogenchemical element, symbol N and atomic number 7; most abundant element in Earth atmosphere131Q627244
8oxygenchemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8135Q629314
9fluorinechemical element with symbol F and atomic number 9125Q650334
10neonchemical element with symbol Ne and atomic number 10; rare gas that glows reddish-orange in a vacuum discharge tube126Q654274
11sodiumchemical element with symbol Na and atomic number 11125Q658314
12magnesiumchemical element, symbol Mg and atomic number 12124Q660294
13aluminiummetallic chemical element of silvery appearance with symbol Al and atomic number 13133Q663424
14siliconchemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14123Q670353
15phosphoruschemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15126Q674254
16sulfurchemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16129Q682244
17chlorinechemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17124Q688223
18argonchemical element with symbol Ar and atomic number 18; rare gas118Q696243
19potassiumchemical element with symbol K and atomic number 19125Q703294
20calciumchemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20128Q706283
21titaniumchemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22118Q716364
22chromiumchemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24118Q725364
23manganesechemical element, symbol Mn and atomic number 25119Q731384
24ironchemical element with symbol Fe and atomic number 26137Q677353
25cobaltchemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27118Q740334
26nickelchemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28118Q744323
27copperchemical element with symbol Cu and atomic number 29133Q753403
28zincchemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30124Q758325
29arsenicchemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33116Q871393
30silverchemical element with symbol Ag and atomic number 47133Q1090333
31tinchemical element with symbol Sn and atomic number 50127Q1096292
32iodinechemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53120Q1103263
33xenonchemical element with atomic number of 54 and heaviest stable noble gas114Q1106243
34tungstenchemical element with symbol W and atomic number 74112Q743374
35iridiumchemical element with symbol Ir and atomic number 77113Q877214
36platinumchemical element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78115Q880213
37goldchemical element with symbol Au and atomic number 79141Q897424
38mercurychemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80127Q925457
39leadchemical element with symbol Pb and atomic number 82125Q708344
40radonchemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86; rare gas117Q1133215
41uraniumradioactive, metallic chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92124Q1098224
42plutoniumradioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94114Q1102195
Σautolist gallery4242424242421642354235424242424242422142424242424242191424242424217424212374223424242201442423424242423842424242742424242384234264242113642414242134216224242324242424242642424229424242243842424242414242342421414142542304242194042423842424242414242424242424242422825424284242421642425,229avg.:  32 \ 125
(76 %)
1,293161

Molecules

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1waterchemical compound whose molecules are formed by two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom153Q283597
2deoxyribonucleic acidmolecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses123Q7430195
3carbon dioxidechemical compound113Q1997403
4amino acidorganic compound containing both amino and acidic functional groups, important in biology103Q8066111
5methanesimplest organic molecule with one carbon atom and four hydrogen98Q37129352
6ozonechemical compound95Q36933323
7glucosesimple sugar, or monosaccharide, with the chemical formula C6H12O6; also called dextrose, d-glucopyranose, cerelose, grape sugar, and corn sugar101Q37525111
8benzenehydrocarbon compound consisting of a 6-sided ring86Q2270462
9caffeinechemical compound used as a stimulant84Q60235273
10ureathe diamide of carbonic acid80Q48318232
11methanolchemical compound77Q14982441
12sodium chloridechemical compound72Q2314301
13formaldehydechemical compound69Q161210341
14macromoleculemolecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass70Q17859361
15monomermolecule that, as a unit, binds chemically or supramolecularly to other molecules to form a supramolecular polymer63Q17882791
Σautolist gallery1514134615713211551315114241515211021571215151151415151521511523156153152344441515155141571513111215115121311541015592131361618151461412981511013147151314721101511815615151132215615152412151101581411615291515141515151513131153551521551,387avg.:  9 \ 92
(57 %)
42634

History

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from antiquity

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1alchemyensemble of protoscientific, philosophic and esoteric speculations and experiences, which investigate the transmutation of matter and the functioning of the cosmos91Q39689153
2philosopher's stonelegendary alchemical substance64Q18205341
3classical elementsgroup of constituent basic elements of matter (water, earth, fire, air and sometimes aether), used to explain nature patterns since ancient times59Q188520121
4elixir of lifemagical potion35Q9125026
Σautolist gallery43211423122312132132431334344441213142313414234422212414142121113244232414442224314123424441312144249avg.:  2 \ 62
(38 %)
375

starting after antiquity and before industrialization

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1traditional Chinese medicinealternative medical practice drawn from traditional medicine in China52Q200253122
2timeline of chemical elements discoveriestimeline detailing the discovery of each of the chemical elements29Q11953252
3history of the periodic tablehistory of the periodic table of the elements19Q149160304
4alchemy in the medieval Islamic world14Q411914721
5history of gunpowderaspect of history9Q31372973
6history of cosmeticschemicals on face in society6Q586758231
Σautolist gallery62261133121112311414112222412211141212122122433112141323512113129avg.:  1 \ 22
(13 %)
264

after industrialization

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1periodic table (1869–)table systematically placing elements based on atomic number and recurrent properties137Q10693265
2petroleumnaturally occurring flammable liquid114Q22656183
3Industrial Revolution (1760–1820)transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the 18th-19th centuries117Q2269153
4nuclear weaponexplosive device that gets its destructive force from nuclear reactions111Q12802104
5dynamiteexplosive preparation of stabilized nitroglycerin81Q8072871
6Haber-Bosch processartificial nitrogen fixation process which is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia nowadays56Q21366981
7Bessemer processsteel production method41Q33405561
8history of molecular biologyaspect of history12Q8669823
9history of aluminiumaspect of history13Q438844673
Σautolist gallery976349351645771558361835771669573873766374431327773675821657946636842554223555564463547676432167568368223174662258147475361391527667255425284682avg.:  4 \ 76
(46 %)
9618

People

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1Marie Curie ♀ (1867–1934)Polish-French physicist and chemist (1867–1934)124Q7186628
2Louis Pasteur ♂ (1822–1895)French chemist and microbiologist (1822-1895)123Q529467
3Dmitri Mendeleev ♂ (1834–1907)Russian chemist (1834–1907)115Q9106507
4Antoine Lavoisier ♂ (1743–1794)French nobleman and chemist (1743–1794)96Q39607395
5Jabir ibn Hayyan ♂ (721–815)8th-century Islamic alchemist and author78Q167852222
Σautolist gallery timeline5553453425454545535534555554545512525453321335552552514455555145353354152555454452545354532145535455255355554545445454155553255135515536avg.:  3 \ 107
(66 %)
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Health

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1pollutionintroduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change102Q58734184
2air pollutionpresence of dangerous substances in the atmosphere88Q131123142
3water pollutioncontamination of water bodies69Q183129123
4radiation syndromehealth problems caused by exposure to very high levels of ionizing radiation46Q27545941
5acid attackform of violent assault38Q154053441
6safety data sheetstandardized data sheet describing a substance or product's hazards and safe handling procedures37Q22206741
7hazardous substancessolids, liquids, or gases that can harm people, other living organisms, property, or the environment34Q75713871
Σautolist gallery7737432145617371357447447617255133732165173116712537132143134246111636121335137156133153334672641517173373131114172414avg.:  3 \ 59
(36 %)
6313

Applications and industry

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1fertilizermaterial of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) applied to soils or to plants to supply essential nutrients95Q8332361
2pesticidesubstance used to destroy pests84Q131656111
3miningextraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth83Q44497162
4chemical industrya sector of the economy that manufactures, processes, and sells chemicals59Q20765281
5petroleum industryactivities linked to handling oil products45Q862571131
6pharmaceutical industrydevelops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceuticals licensed for use as medications39Q5074438
7food processingtransformation of raw ingredients into food, or of food into other forms37Q627371101
8dyeingprocess of adding color to textile products like fibers, yarns, and fabrics31Q116499191
9papermakingeconomic sector19Q33541591
Σautolist gallery9731814425771381622655896697182442138852669213873341391432164163337745284345139368112734367363422528273671441791492avg.:  3 \ 55
(34 %)
909

Society

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Wikidata item
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1list of Nobel laureates in ChemistryWikimedia list article49Q75642014
Σautolist111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111149avg.:  0 \ 49
(30 %)
4