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Wiki99/computer security

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This is the Wiki99 list for topics about computer security.

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Wiki99 is the idea to have a list of about 99 Wikipedia articles which should be translated into as many languages as possible in order to establish common understanding in a field.

If the Wikipedia articles have at least been started, then access them in available languages by clicking through.

Translations start with structured data translation in Wikidata, then proceed to translation of prose in Wikipedia.

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General

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afamanarasastavayazbabebgbmbnbobrbscacechckbcocscvcydadedvdzeeeleoeseteuextfafffifjfofrfygagdglgngswgugvhahakhehihrhthuhyiaidieigioisitiujajvkakgkkklkmknkokskukwkylalblglilnloltlvmgmkmlmnmrmsmtmynannbnenlnnnyocomorospapiplpnbpsptqurmrnrorurwsascsdseshsiskslsnsosqsrstsusvswtatetgthtitktltrtstttwugukuruzvivowawarwowuuxhyiyoyuezazhzuΣ
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1information technologydevelopment, management, and use of computer-based information systems✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔101Q11661162
2cryptographypractice and study of secure communication techniques✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔85Q8789151
3encryptionprocess of hiding information into an alternative form known as ciphertext✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔71Q141090121
4hackerperson who uses technical knowledge to achieve a goal within a computerized system by non-standard means✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔69Q148791
5computer securityprotection of computer systems and networks from theft, damage, misuse or data leak✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔71Q3510521131
6proxy servercomputer server that makes and receives requests on behalf of a user✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔57Q1118981
7information securitypractice of protecting information and systems by mitigating information risks✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔52Q189900111
8authenticationact of confirming the truth of an attribute of a datum or entity, often used as part of access control✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔53Q21210810
9deep web✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔47Q22198981
10software testinginvestigation conducted to provide information about the quality of a software product or service under test and enable the business to understand the risks of software implementation✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔48Q18852212
11proprietary softwarecomputer software released under a license restricting use, study or redistribution✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔49Q2186166
12vulnerabilitysecurity weakness which allows an attacker to reduce a system's information assurance✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔33Q631425101
13doxingInternet-based practice of researching and broadcasting private or identifying information about an individual or organization✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔44Q159014112
14multi-factor authenticationauthentication method in which a computer user is granted access only after successfully presenting two or more pieces of evidence (or factors) to an authentication mechanism✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔40Q787866251
15green computingstudy and practice of environmentally sustainable computing or IT✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔22Q106474631
16dependency hellfrustration of some software users who have installed software packages which have dependencies on specific versions of other software packages✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔13Q323411341
17password policyset of rules designed to enhance computer security by encouraging users to employ strong passwords and use them properly✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔9Q339468731
18programming ethics✔✔2Q183448162
19software securitysecurity aspects of software✔✔2Q1148600224
20crisis communicationsub-specialty of the public relations profession that is designed to protect and defend an individual, company, or organization facing a public challenge to its reputation✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔16Q3788742
21security.txtfile format for posting security contact information✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔12Q6505715521
22memory safetystate of being protected from memory access bugs✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔13Q40809833
23post-quantum cryptographycryptography that is secure against quantum computers✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔23Q723357651
Σautolist gallery2214811716152611137169191112179719151220151871112141611111511113761418368141816211115126127312621521533361525192131945610919141157103611414111998122171311206932avg.:  6 \ 41
(25 %)
16516

Technical concepts and technologies

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afamanarasastavayazbabebgbmbnbobrbscacechckbcocscvcydadedvdzeeeleoeseteuextfafffifjfofrfygagdglgngswgugvhahakhehihrhthuhyiaidieigioisitiujajvkakgkkklkmknkokskukwkylalblglilnloltlvmgmkmlmnmrmsmtmynannbnenlnnnyocomorospapiplpnbpsptqurmrnrorurwsascsdseshsiskslsnsosqsrstsusvswtatetgthtitktltrtstttwugukuruzvivowawarwowuuxhyiyoyuezazhzuΣ
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1Bitcoin (2009–)digital cash system and associated currency✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔109Q131723422
2blockchaindistributed data store for digital transactions✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔83Q20514253151
3HTTP cookiesmall piece of data sent from a website and stored on the user's computer by the user's web browser✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔58Q17899582
4Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (1994–)HTTP over Transport Layer Security (TLS)✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔56Q44484111
5Secure Shell (1995–)cryptographic network protocol for secure remote access✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔54Q170460111
6Data Encryption Standard (1975–)Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔49Q13503591
7Advanced Encryption Standard (1998–)block cipher standard✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔49Q19074691
8Transport Layer Securitycryptographic protocols for securing data in transit✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔49Q20649413
9MD5 (1991–)message-digest hashing algorithm✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔46Q1852356
10non-fungible tokenunique digital asset recorded on a blockchain that cannot be replicated or exchanged on a like-for-like basis✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔52Q5564845281
11dark web (2009–)part of the World Wide Web that is not directly reachable from the public Internet✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔50Q412008281
12Border Gateway Protocolprotocol for communicating routing information on the Internet✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔38Q111553
13digital certificateelectronic document used to prove the ownership of a public key✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔37Q2747582
14Diffie–Hellman key exchangemethod of exchanging cryptographic keys✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔34Q6234476
15SHA-2 (2002–)set of cryptographic hash functions designed by the NSA✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔28Q19686056
16SHA-1 (1995–)individual cryptographic hash function with output size of 160 bits✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔30Q134149526
17Web3 (2014–)concept for a decentralized Internet✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔32Q1066779333
18SHA-3 (2008–)set of cryptographic hash functions✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔19Q11909479
19Common Vulnerabilities and Exposuresa list of publicly known cybersecurity vulnerabilities✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔26Q94950995131
20HTTP Strict Transport SecurityHTTP response header field and associated policy✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔17Q24385401
21virtual private network serviceprovider offering access to virtual private network services✔✔✔3Q562404021
22password managersoftware for storing and retrieving passwords/credentials✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔22Q128119971
Σautolist gallery timeline22158112021142515825208181313201382112151911712212413112091014711812318214513211222181451073111331311751133201520115202182981214114442611132024213616111132311212941avg.:  6 \ 43
(26 %)
19713

Attacks

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afamanarasastavayazbabebgbmbnbobrbscacechckbcocscvcydadedvdzeeeleoeseteuextfafffifjfofrfygagdglgngswgugvhahakhehihrhthuhyiaidieigioisitiujajvkakgkkklkmknkokskukwkylalblglilnloltlvmgmkmlmnmrmsmtmynannbnenlnnnyocomorospapiplpnbpsptqurmrnrorurwsascsdseshsiskslsnsosqsrstsusvswtatetgthtitktltrtstttwugukuruzvivowawarwowuuxhyiyoyuezazhzuΣ
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1malwaresoftware that is intentionally hostile, intrusive, or damaging to a computer or network✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔75Q14001102
2phishingattempt to trick a person into revealing information✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔77Q13500562
3denial-of-service attackcyber attack disrupting service by overloading the provider of the service✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔57Q13140641
4ransomwareprogram that locks files until a sum of money is paid✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔61Q92633191
5WannaCry ransomware attack (2017–)ransomware cyberattack✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔24Q299570416
6botnetcollection of compromised internet-connected devices controlled by a third party✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔48Q3176717
7SQL injectiontype of code injection, used to attack vulnerable data-driven software applications✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔41Q5060594
8Stuxnetmalicious computer worm used to attack Iranian nuclear facilities✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔40Q5347961
9ILOVEYOU (2000–)computer worm✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔38Q856096151
10deepfakeartificial intelligence-based human image synthesis technique✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔57Q4947317992
11brute-force attackcryptanalytic method for unauthorized users to access data via an exhaustive search✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔38Q8693705
12man-in-the-middle attackform of active eavesdropping in which the attacker makes connections with the victims and relays messages between them✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔34Q5548304
13Pegasusspyware software created by the NSO Group based in Israel✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔38Q26734737101
14cyberattackany attempt to expose, alter, disable, destroy, steal or gain unauthorized access to or make unauthorized use of a computer system✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔42Q407192861
15exploitsoftware, data or commands that use a bug or vulnerability to compromise a computer system✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔33Q112876
16zero-daycyberattack that utilizes a recently-publicized computer software vulnerability on systems which are yet to be mitigated✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔37Q8467264
17cross-site request forgery (2001–)type of malicious exploit of a website where unauthorized commands are transmitted from a user trusted by the web app, using image tags, hidden forms, XMLHttpRequest etc.✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔21Q154014727
18zip bombmalicious archive file designed to crash or render useless the program or system reading it✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔26Q63575831
19AACS encryption key controversyattempts by MPAA and AACS-LA to prevent the distribution of a cryptographic key✔✔✔✔✔5Q2272961
20supply chain attackcyber-attack that seeks to damage an organization by targeting less-secure elements in the supply network✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔8Q76445241
21cryptojackinghijacking a target's processing power in order to mine cryptocurrency on the hacker's behalf✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔13Q1071212192
22backdoorbackdoor is a hidden way to bypass security and gain unauthorized access to a system✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔40Q25456931
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(24 %)
13315

State level challenges

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1cyberwarfareuse of technological force within cyberspace✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔55Q8493404
2electronic warfarecombat involving electronics and directed energy✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔50Q27282651
3information warfareform of indirect warfare✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔43Q9110366
4cyberterrorismusing attacks based on the Internet or other computer and telecommunications networks for terrorist purposes✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔34Q11370044
5XKeyscoreAmerican NSA Internet data scanner✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔23Q1415013941
6Vault 7series of documents released by WikiLeaks in 2017✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔19Q289129816
7privacy policystatement or a legal document that discloses some or all of the ways a party gathers, uses, discloses, and manages a customer's or client's data✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔23Q19998315
8Common Vulnerabilities and Exposuresa list of publicly known cybersecurity vulnerabilities✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔26Q94950995131
9nuclear electromagnetic pulseburst of electromagnetic radiation created by a nuclear explosion✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔13Q159826683
10government by algorithmalgorithm-based form of government or social ordering✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔17Q963797884
11artificial intelligence arms racearms race for the most advanced technologies in terms of artificial intelligence✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔15Q487320832
12artificial intelligence in governmentgovernmental use of artificial intelligence✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔9Q607676982
13cyberocracyfuturistic form of governance✔✔✔✔✔✔✔7Q5197824
14software copyrightconcept of copyright applied to computer code✔✔✔✔✔5Q113152642
15cyber-security regulationgovernment mandated computer security✔✔✔✔✔5Q51976701
Σautolist gallery15241526231939392213548910121953991710112113132311417218210592114383331192363101344avg.:  2 \ 23
(14 %)
613

FLOSS software, open standards, free culture, open-source security

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sjdsjeskskrslslismsmasmnsmssnsosqsrsrnsrossststqstysusvswsycszlszytataotaytcytddtetettgthtitktltlytntotpitrtrutrvtstttumtwtytyvtzmudmugukuruzvaivevecvepvivlsvmfvmwvovotvrowawalwarwlswowuuxacxalxhxmfxsyyiyoyoiyrkyrlyuayuezazeazghzhzuΣ
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1GNU General Public Licenseseries of free software licenses✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔79Q7603163
2BitTorrent (2001–)peer-to-peer file sharing protocol✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔67Q13386263
3Git (2005–)distributed version control system✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔68Q186055352
4Tordaemon and utilities for an anonymizing network✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔64Q202044283
5Pretty Good Privacycomputer program for data encryption, primarily in email (PGP)✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔46Q122745215
6Signal (2014–)privacy-focused encrypted messaging app✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔55Q19718090403
7Visual Studio Code (2015–)source code editor developed by Microsoft✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔42Q19841877282
8OpenVPN (2002–)open-source software application✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔30Q509075231
9OAuthopen standard for access delegation, commonly used as a way for internet users to grant websites or applications access to their information on other websites but without giving them the passwords✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔30Q74323882
10InterPlanetary File Systemcontent-addressable, peer-to-peer hypermedia distribution protocol✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔23Q2142234481
11Log4Shell2021 software security vulnerability✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔17Q11006843310
12Common Vulnerability Scoring Systemstandard for assessing computer system vulnerabilities✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔13Q102458231
13open-source software securitycomputer security applied to open source software✔✔✔✔4Q70964212
14algorithmic transparencystudy on the transparency of algorithms✔✔✔✔4Q556036243
15diversity in open source softwarediversity in an interest group✔✔2Q303255702
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(8 %)
22721

See also

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